Kit Li
From a TCM perspective, human development follows natural cyclical patterns throughout life. In the ancient medical classic, the Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine) (1), it is described that women develop in seven-year cycles, while men develop in eight-year cycles.
These cycles are not simply markers of age. They reflect the growth, maturation, peak, and gradual transformation of our fundamental vitality, known in TCM as Jing (Essence).
Why is Jing (Essence) so important?
Jing is considered one of the body's most precious substances. It governs growth, development, reproduction, ageing, and overall resilience. Together with Qi and Blood, it forms the foundation of health and longevity.
According to TCM theory, the peak years occur when Jing, Qi, Blood, and organ function, particularly the Kidney system, are at their strongest and most balanced.
Seven-Year Cycles in Women
In Huangdi Neijing (The Yellow Emperor's Canon of Internal Medicine), women develop through seven-year cycles that reflect the gradual growth, maturation, peak, and eventual decline of Kidney Jing (Essence). At age 7, Kidney Qi becomes abundant, leading to the emergence of permanent teeth and accelerated physical growth. By age 14, the reproductive system matures, the Ren and Chong vessels become fully active, and menstruation begins, marking the onset of fertility. At age 21, the body reaches full physical maturity, with strong muscles, healthy bones, and a balanced circulation of Qi and Blood. By age 28, Kidney Jing, Qi, and Blood are at their peak, resulting in optimal fertility, physical strength, emotional resilience, and overall physiological balance. Traditionally, this age is regarded as the height of a woman's vitality and reproductive capacity.
As women progress beyond this peak, gradual changes begin to occur. Around age 35, the Yangming channels start to weaken, and the first signs of ageing, such as changes in skin elasticity and hair quality, may become apparent. By age 42, the Three Yang channels decline further, and hair may begin to grey. Around age 49, Kidney Jing naturally decreases, the Ren and Chong vessels become deficient, and menstruation ceases, marking menopause. From a TCM perspective, these changes are natural transitions in life rather than disease processes, reflecting the gradual transformation of Jing over time.
Why Women's Health Matters During the Third and Fourth Cycles
For women, the third and fourth seven-year cycles (ages 14–28) are especially important. During these years, the body reaches its peak reproductive potential. Kidney Jing (Essence), Qi, and Blood are abundant, fertility is at its strongest, and physical and emotional wellbeing are generally at their best.
In TCM, menstruation is considered an important indicator of overall health. A regular menstrual cycle with a normal flow and little discomfort suggests that Qi and Blood are circulating smoothly. However, symptoms such as irregular periods, severe menstrual pain, heavy bleeding, scanty periods, or chronic gynaecological conditions may indicate underlying imbalances involving the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Qi, or Blood.
The Liver helps regulate the menstrual cycle by ensuring the smooth flow of Qi and storing Blood. The Spleen produces Qi and Blood from food, while the Kidneys store Jing (Essence), which governs growth, reproduction, and ageing. When these systems become imbalanced, menstrual and reproductive problems can develop.
For this reason, TCM places great importance on maintaining menstrual health during these years. Early attention to menstrual irregularities can help support fertility, improve overall wellbeing, and lay a strong foundation for healthy ageing later in life.
Understanding Menstrual Pain (2)
From a modern medical perspective, menstrual pain is often associated with elevated levels of prostaglandins, hormone-like substances that stimulate uterine contractions during menstruation. When prostaglandin levels are high, they can reduce blood flow to the uterus and intensify menstrual cramping. They may also trigger symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and other digestive discomforts that commonly accompany painful periods.
From a TCM perspective, menstrual pain is not viewed as a single condition but rather as a manifestation of an underlying imbalance. Common patterns include Qi stagnation, Blood stasis, Cold accumulation in the uterus, and Qi and Blood deficiency. As a result, treatment focuses on identifying and addressing the individual's specific pattern of disharmony, rather than simply relieving the pain itself. This personalised approach aims to restore the smooth flow of Qi and Blood, regulate the menstrual cycle, and improve overall reproductive health.
Health Advice for Women
1. Address Gynaecological Conditions Promptly
Conditions such as cervical polyps, chronic cervicitis, endometriosis, fibroids, or HPV-related changes should be assessed and managed appropriately. Early intervention often leads to better outcomes.
2. Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle
- Eat a balanced diet rich in vegetables and fruits.
- Avoid smoking.
- Limit alcohol consumption.
- Exercise regularly.
- Prioritise quality sleep and stress management.
These habits support both health and the smooth circulation of Qi and Blood.
3. Practise Safe and Responsible Sexual Health
Use appropriate protection, avoid high-risk sexual behaviours, and seek professional medical advice when concerns arise.
4. Have Regular Gynaecological Check-ups
Routine cervical screening and gynaecological examinations can help identify abnormalities at an early stage when treatment is most effective.
5. Consider HPV Vaccination
Vaccination against Human Papillomavirus (HPV) can significantly reduce the risk of cervical disease (3). However, regular cervical screening remains important even after vaccination.
What Does TCM Recommend?
TCM places great emphasis on protecting the Spleen, Liver, and Kidney systems, which are closely associated with the production, storage, and circulation of Qi and Blood.
For this reason, many TCM practitioners advise women to avoid excessive consumption of icy drinks and cold foods around menstruation. Cold is believed to slow circulation and may contribute to menstrual discomfort, Blood stasis, or irregular cycles in susceptible individuals.
Growing up, my grandmother regularly prepared Chinese herbal drinks for us, particularly before and after our menstrual cycles. At the time, it felt like a simple family tradition. Looking back, I now understand that she was applying the traditional principle of nourishing Blood, supporting Qi, and helping the body recover naturally through each monthly cycle.
Whether through herbal teas, nourishing soups, or dietary therapy, these practices reflect generations of wisdom aimed at supporting women's health and wellbeing throughout the different stages of life.
While modern medicine and TCM approach health from different perspectives, both recognise the importance of prevention, self-care, and maintaining balance throughout life. By understanding these natural cycles, we can become more aware of our changing needs and take proactive steps to support our long-term health.
References:
1) Women's Seven-Year Cycles & TCM Theory - Huangdi Neijing (Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon):
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huangdi_Neijing
2) Acupuncture for dysmenorrhoea: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27087494/
3) World Health Organization (WHO). Comprehensive Cervical Cancer Control: A Guide to Essential Practice: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK269619
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